The process of accounting will almost always begin with source documents. In the past, most of the source documents that CPA’s (Certified Public Accountants), auditors, and other accountants would have to deal with were tangible paper documents such as receipts from a recent purchase at a store. The accountant would then have to transfer these source documents into a journal to start the accounting process. Today, most of the source documents are electronic. When a purchase or sale is made between any two businesses or consumers, it is filed into a computer on an electronic database. This method has made accountant’s jobs far more simplistic, as they can they place the transaction directly into an electronic journal on Microsoft Excel.

The basic accounting equation that anyone who works in business should know, is that Assets= Liabilities + Equity. Assets include accounts such as cash, land, building, equipment, office supplies, inventories, and accounts receivable (money owed to you by a customer). The normal balance for these assets are a debit, which means if you are gaining any of the previous, you debit that amount of money towards that account. For example, if a sale is made in your store and a customer pays fifty dollars cash, then you would debit the cash account for fifty dollars. Liabilities include accounts payable (what you owe others on account), unearned revenue (you have been paid but haven’t performed a service), salaries payable (salary money owed to your employees), taxes payable, and interest payable. The normal balance that increases these accounts is a credit, unless the account is a contra account in which the opposite normal balance applies. Equity accounts include dividends (money owed to your stockholders), revenues and expenses. The normal balance for owner’s equity is a credit, but expenses made by your business are always treated as contra accounts. So for a transaction where a customer purchases something from your store on on account, you would debit accounts receivable and credit revenue. Each transaction is then recorded into a journal organized by month.

At the end of each month, the totals are added up from the journal and are placed into what are called “T-Accounts”. These are T-shaped charts with the debits on the left side and credits on the right. It is used to more easily find the ending balance of each account at the end of the month. After the totals of each account are found, you can now make an income statement to determine your amount of money lost or made during the month. The amount of income can be found by subtracting the expenses from your revenues. This is one of the most important financial statements that accountants have to deal with. Your income statement helps you determine if you are making profits or if you are losing money and need to improve a sector of your business.

Once you have transferred all of your journal entries into T-accounts and have made an income statement, you are then prepared to make a balance sheet. This is the basic accounting equation in which you make sure that Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. When you sum all of your asset accounts they should be equal to all of the liability and equity accounts as well. This is why anyone in any type of business should always have a basic understanding of the accounting process. With the knowledge of how money flows throughout a business, you can make wiser, more experienced decisions with your business, and protect yourself from losing money. It also allows you to take risks with your business and potentially gain a big return when it comes to the bottom line of your income statement. I’m pleased to say that I can now understand a company’s financial statements and comprehend the transactions that go on in every day business. Any business student will be more successful in their future career if they learn the crucial basics of accounting.

One of the greatest mistakes any small business owner can make is going into his business without knowing enough about the art and science of accounting. Unless you have the funds to hire an accountant from the very beginning, you will need to at least know the basics before you get started. Time and again, new businesses have failed not because their products, services, or operations were poorly managed, but because the owner did not know the first thing about proper bookkeeping and accounting. Without these essential skills, you won’t know whether your company is doing well or poorly, what changes need to be made from a financial standpoint, or what to do come tax time. Having a basic groundwork of accounting knowledge is not only helpful, it’s absolutely necessary.

Keep in mind that the importance of accounting extends beyond keeping track of the payroll. A good accounting software keeps track of almost every area of your financial records. You’ll need to keep a close eye on what money you owe, what money is owed to you, the trends in sales, the trends in purchasing, the overhead, and a hundred other things you may not have thought of. While it’s certainly easy to just hire someone else to take care of this, you may not have the money to do that in the beginning. Even if you do hire someone, you’ll want to know most–if not everything–they know. Not everyone is as scrupulous or competent as we would like them to be. If you don’t know anything about your accounting programs, you’ll be leaving yourself wide open to be ripped off intentionally, or failed unintentionally. In the end, you’ll have only yourself to blame for failing to learn the basics of accounting.

You’ll want to check your local community college for whatever courses they offer in the field, if you want to take the first steps toward becoming a competent amateur accountant. Don’t stop there, however. Borrow books from the library on the subject and study them when you have the chance. Check online to see if their exist any correspondence courses if you don’t feel you can spare the time to attend classes. Finally, talk to any in the accounting field and see what they think are the most important skills to acquire.